BAGAIMANA BENTUK DAN POLA ORGANISASI PERKEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN
Organisasi berasal dari kata organon dalam bahasa Yunani yang berarti alat. Pengertian organisasi telah banyak disampaikan para ahli, tetapi pada dasarnya tidak ada perbedaan yang prinsip, sehingga dapat saya simpulkan bahwa organisasi merupakan sarana untuk melakukan kerjasama antara orang-orang dalam rangka mencapai tujuan bersama, dengan mendayagunakan sumber daya yang dimiliki.Dan pada prinsipnya setiap organisasi harus memiliki tiga unsur dasar, yaitu :
a. Orang-orang (sekumpulan orang),
b. Kerjasama,
c. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai,
Sedangkan Pengertian Manajemen dari beberapa literature sebagai berikut :
a. Menurut Goerge R. Terry dan Leslie W. Rue dikemukakan bahwa : Manajemen adalah suatu proses atau kerangka kerja, yang melibatkan bimbingan atau pengarahan suatu kelompok orang ke arah tujuan-tujuan organisasional atau maksud-maksud yang nyata.
b. Menurut James A F Stoner dalam bukunya Management, diungkapkan bahwa : Manajemen adalah proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan dan pengawasan usaha-usaha para anggota organisasi dan penggunaan sumberdaya-sumberdaya organisasi lainnya agar mencapai tujuan organisasi yang telah ditetapkan.
c. T. Hani Handoko menyimpulkan bahwa pada dasarnya manajemen dapat didefinisikan sebagai bekerja dengan orang-orang untuk menentukan, menginterpretasikan dan mencapai tujuan-tujuan organisasi dengan pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi perencanaan (planning), pengorganisasian (organizing), penyusunan personalia atau kepegawaian (staffing), pengarahan dan kepemimpinan (leading) dan pengawasan (controlling).
AKTIVITAS MANAJEMEN ORGANISASI
Secara khusus manajemen organisasi mempunyai dua tugas utama yaitu efektivitas dan efisiensi, dimana :
• effective is to do the right something. Dimana efektif merupakan pencapaian tujuan atau target.
• efficiens is to do the something right . sedangkan efisien adalah cara dalam mencapai tujuan atau taget tersebut dengan memperkecil pengeluaran atau pemborosan
Sehingga dalam menjalankan roda organisasi dengan menggunakan sedikit mungkin sumberdaya namun mencapai tujuan yang maksimal.
AKTIVITAS MANAJEMEN
aktivitas utama atau fungsi utama manajemen adalah :
1. Perencanaan (Planning)
Perencanaan adalah pemilihan sekumpulan kegiatan dan pemutusan selanjutnya apa yang harus dilakukan, kapan, bagaimana, dan oleh siapa.
Gagal dalam merencanakan artinya merencanakan kegagalan, sehingga lebih baik bersimbah keringat di saat latihan daripada bersimbah darah di medan perang.
2. Pengorganisasian (organizing)
Pengorganisasian merupakan suatu proses untuk merancang struktur formal, mengelompokkan dan mengatur serta membagi tugas-tugas atau pekerjaan di antara para anggota organisasi, agar tujuan organisasi dapat dicapai dengan efisien. (T.Hani Handoko)
PENGEMBANGAN ORGANISASI
1. Pengertian Pengembangan Organisasi
Pengembangan Organisasi merupakan program yang berusaha meningkatkan efektivitas keorganisasian dengan mengintegrasikan keinginan individu akan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dengan tujuan keorganisasian.
Koperasi adalah organisasi bisnis yang dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh orang-seorang demi kepentingan bersama.Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.
Prisip prisip ekonomi
Prinsip koperasi adalah suatu sistem ide-ide abstrak yang merupakan petunjuk untuk membangun koperasi yang efektif dan tahan lama.Prinsip koperasi terbaru yang dikembangkan International Cooperative Alliance (Federasi koperasi non-pemerintah internasional) adalah keanggotaan yang bersifat terbuka dan sukarela, pengelolaan yang demokratis, partisipasi anggota dalam [ekonomi]], kebebasan dan otonomi, serta pengembangan pendidikan, pelatihan,dan informasi.
Tujuan koperasi
Tujuan utama koperasi adalah mewujudkan masyarakat adil makmur material dan spiritual berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang – Undang Dasar 1945.
Dalam BAB II Pasal 3 Undang – undang RI No. 25 Tahun 1992, menyatakan bahwa koperasi bertujuan untuk:
“Memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang – undang Dasar 1945”.
Menurut Bang Hatta, tujuan koperasi bukanlah mencari laba yang sebesar-besarnya, melainkan melayani kebutuhan bersama dan wadah partisipasi pelaku ekonomi skala kecil.
Selanjutnya fungsi koperasi tertuang dalam pasal 4 UU No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian, yaitu:
* Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
* Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
* Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai gurunya.
* Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.
Sejak lama bangsa Indonesia telah mengenal kekeluargaan dan kegotongroyongan yang dipraktekkan oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Kebiasaan yang bersifat nonprofit ini, merupakan input untuk Pasal 33 ayat 1 UUD 1945 yang dijadikan dasar/pedoman pelaksanaan Koperasi. Kebiasaan-kebiasaan nenek moyang yang turun-temurun itu dapat dijumpai di berbagai daerah di Indonesia di antaranya adalah Arisan untuk daerah Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, paketan, mitra cai dan ruing mungpulung daerah Jawa Barat, Mapalus di daerah Sulawesi Utara, kerja sama pengairan yang terkenal dengan Subak untuk daerah Bali, dan Julo-julo untuk daerah Sumatra Barat merupakan sifat-sifat hubungan sosial, nonprofit dan menunjukkan usaha atau kegiatan atasdasar kadar kesadaran berpribadi dan kekeluargaan.
Bentuk-bentuk ini yang lebih bersifat kekeluargaan, kegotongroyongan, hubungan social, nonprofit dan kerjasama disebut Pra Koperasi. Pelaksanaan yang bersifat pra-koperasi terutama di pedesaan masih dijumpai, meskipun arus globlisasi terus merambat ke pedesaan.
Kemajuan ilmu oengetahuan dan teknologi pada pertengahan abad ke-18 telah mengubah wajah dunia. Berbagai penemuan di bidang teknologi ( revolusi industri ) melahirkan tata dunia ekonomi baru. Tatanan dunia ekonomi menjajdi terpusat pada keuntungan perseorangan, yaitu kaum pemilik modal ( kapitalisme ). Kaum kapitalis atau pemilik modal memanfaatkan penemuan baru tersebutdengan sebaik-baiknya untuk memperkaya dirinya dan memperkuat kedudukan ekonominya. Hasrat serakah ini melahirkan persaingan bebas yang tidak terbatas. Sistem ekonomi kapitalis / liberal memberikan keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya kepada pemilik modal dan melahirkan kemelaratan dan kemiskinan bagi masyarakat ekonomi lemah.
Masa Penjajahan
Di masa penjajahan Belanda, gerakan koperasi pertama di Indonesia lahir dari inisatif tokoh R. A. Wiriaatmadja pada tahun 1986. Wiriaatmadja, patih Purwokerto ( Banyumas ) ini berjasa menolong para pegawai, pedagang kecil dan petani dari hisapan lintah darat melalui koperasi. Beliau dengan bantuan E. Sieberg, Asisten Residen Purwokerto, mendirikan Hulp-enSpaar Bank. Cita-cita Wiriaatmadja ini juga mendapat dukungan dari Wolf van Westerrode, pengganti Sieberg. Mereka mendirikan koperasi kredit sistem Raiffeisen.
Gerakan koperasi semakin meluas bersamaan dengan munculnya pergerakan nasional menentang penjajahan. Berdirinya Boedi Oetomo, pada tahun 1908 mencoba memajukan koperasi rumah tangga ( koperasi konsumsi ). Serikat Islam pada tahun 1913 membantu memajukan koperasi dengan bantuan modal dan mendirikan Toko Koperasi. Pada tahun 1927, usaha koperasi dilanjutkan oleh Indonesische Studie Club yang kemudian menjadi Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia ( PBI ) di Surabaya. Partaui Nasional Indonesia ( PNI ) di dalam kongresnya di Jakarta berusah menggelorakan semangat kooperasi sehuingga kongres ini sering juga disebut “ kongres koperasi ”.
Pergerakan koperasi selam penjajahan Belanda tidak dapat berjalan lancer. Pemerintah Belanda selalu berusaha menghalanginya, baik secara langsug maupun tidak langsung. Selain itu, kesadaran masyarakat atas koperasi sangat rendah akibat penderitaan yang dialaminya. Untuk membatasi laju perkembangan koperasi, pemerintah Belanda mengeluarkan peraturan koperasi Besluit 7 April No. 431 tahun 1915. Berdasarkan peraturan ini rakyat tidak mungkin mendirikan koperasi karena :
1. mendirikan koperasi harus mendapat izin dari gubernur jenderal
2. akta dibuat dengan perantaraan notaris dan dalam bahasa Belanda
3. ongkos materai sebesar 50 golden
4. hak tanah harus menurut hukum Eropa
5. harus diumumkan di Javasche Courant yang biayanya juga tinggi
Peraturan ini mengakibatkan munculnya reaksi dari kaum pergerakan nasional dan para penganjurkoperasi. Oleh karena itu, pada tahun 1920 pemerintah Belanda membentuk “ Panitia Koperasi ” yang diketuai oleh J. H. Boeke. Panitia ini ditugasi untuk meneliti mengenai perlunya koperasi. Setahun kemudian, panitia itu memberikan laporan bahwa koperasi perlu dikembangkan. Pada tahun 1927 pemerintah mengeluarkan peraturan No. 91 yang lebih ringan dari perturan 1915. isi peraturan No. 91 antara lain :
1. akta tidak perlu dengan perantaraan notaries, tetapi cukup didaftarkan pada
Penasehat Urusan Kredit Rakyat dan Koperasi serta dapat ditulis dalam bahasa daerah
2. ongkos materai 3 golden
3. hak tanah dapat menurut hukum adat
4. berlaku untuk orang Indonesia asli, yang mempunyai hak badan hukum secara adat
Dengan keluarnya peraturan ini, gerakan koperasi mulai tumbuh kemabli. Pada tahun 1932, Partai Nasional Indonesia mengadakan kongres koperasi di Jakarta. Pada tahun 1933, pemerintah Belanda mengeluarkan lagi peraturan No. 108 sebagai pengganti peraturan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1915. Peraturan ini merupakan salinan dari peraturan koperasi Belanda tahun1925, sehingga tidak cocok dan sukar dilaksanakan oleh rakyat. Pada masa penjajahan Jepang, koperasi mengalami nasib yang lebih buruk. Kamntor Pusat Jawatan Koperasi diganti oleh pemerintah Jepang menjadi Syomin Kumiai Cou Jomusyo dan Kantor Daerah diganti menjadi Syomin Kumiai Saodandyo. Kumiai yaitu koperasi model Jepang, mula-mula bertugas untuk mendistribusikan barang-barang kebutuhan rakyat. Hal ini hanya alat dari Jepang untuk mengumpulkan hasil bumi dan barang-barang kebutuhan untuk Jepang. Walau hanya berlangsung selama 3,5 tahun tetapi rakyat Indonesia mengallami penderitaan yang jauh lebih dahsyat. Jadi, dalam masa penjajahan Jepang koperasi Indonesia dapat dikatakan mati.
Masa Kemerdekaan
Setelah bangsa Indonesia merdeka, pemerintah dan seluruh rakyat segera menata kembali kehidupan ekonomi. Sesuai dengan tuntutan UUD 1945 pasal 33, perekonomian Indonesia harus didasrkan pada asas kekeluargaan. Dengan demikian, kehadiran dan peranan koperasi di dalam perekonomian nasional Indonesia telah mempunyai dasar konstitusi yang kuat. Di masa kemerdekaan, koperasi bukan lagi sebagai reaksi atas penderitaan akibat penjajahan, koperasi menjadi usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki dan meningkatkan taraf hidup yang didasarkan pada asas kekeluargaan. Hal ini sangat sesuai dengan cirri khas bangsa Indonesia, yaitu gotong royong.
Pada awal kemerdekaan, koperasi berfungsi untuk mendistribusikan keperluan masyarakat sehari-hari di bawah Jawatan Koperasi, Kementerian Kemakmuran. Pada tahun 1946, berdasarkan hasil pendaftaran secara sukarela yang dilakukan Jawatan Koperasi terdapat sebanyak 2.500 buah koperasi. Koperasi pada saat itu dapat berkembang secara pesat.
Namun karena sistem pemerintahan yang berubah-ubah maka terjadi titik kehancuran koperasi Indonesia menjelang pemberontakan G30S / PKI. Partai-partai memenfaatkan koperasi untuk kepentingan partainya, bahkan ada yang menjadikan koperasi sebagai alat pemerasan rakyat untuk memperkaya diri sendiri, yang dapat merugikan koperasi sehingga masyarakat kehilangan kepercayaannya dan takut menjadi anggota koperasi.
Pembangunan baru dapat dilaksanakan setelah pemerintah berhasil menumpas pemberontakan G30S / PKI. Pemerintah bertekad untuk melaksanakan Pancasila dan UUD 1945 secara murni dan konsekuen. Kehadiran dan peranan koperasi dalam perekonomian nasional merupakan pelaksanaan amanat penderitaan rakyat. Masa pasca kemerdekaan memang dapat dikatakan berkembang tetapi pada masa itu membuat perkembangan koperasi berjalan lambat. Namun keadaannya sperti itu, pemerintah pada atahun 1947 berhasil melangsungkan Kongres Koperasi I di Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat.
Kongres Koperasi I menghasilkan beberapa keputusan penting, antara lain :
1. mendirikan sentral Organisasi Koperasi Rakyat Indonesia ( SOKRI )
2. menetapkan gotong royong sebagai asas koperasi
3. menetapkan pada tanggal 12 Juli sebagai hari Koperasi
Akibat tekanan dari berbagai pihak misalnya Agresi Belanda, keputiuasab Kongres Koperasi I belum dapat dilaksanakan sebagaimana mestinya. Namun, pada tanggal 12 Juli 1953, diadakanlah Kongres Koperasi II di Bandung, yang antara lain mengambil putusan sebagai berikut :
1. Membentuk Dewan Koperasi Indonesia ( Dekopin ) sebagai pengganti SOKRI
2. Menetapkan pendidikan koperasi sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran di sekolah
3. Mengangkat Moh. Hatta sebagai Bapak Koperasi Indonesia
4. Segera akan dibuat undang-undang koperasi yang baru
Hambatan-hambatan bagi pertumbuhan koperasi antara lain disebabkan oleh hal-hal berikut :
1. kesadaran masyarakat terhadap koperasi yang masih sangat rendah
2. pengalaman masa lampau mengakibtakan masyarakat tetap merasa curiga terhadap koperasi
3. pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai koperasi masih sangat rendah
Untuk melaksanakan program perkoperasian pemerintah mengadakan kebijakan antara lain :
1. menggiatkan pembangunan organisasi perekonomian rakyat terutama koperasi
2. memperluas pendidikan dan penerangan koperasi
3. memberikan kredit kepada kaum produsen, baik di lapangan industri maupun
pertanian yang bermodal kecil
Organisasi perekonomian rakyat terutama koperasi sangat perlu diperbaiki.
Sabtu, 21 Mei 2011
Softskill Task II
1. My father Prefer to play paragliding instead of football.
2. Grandma Prefer drinking tea to eating meatball.
3. Her mother Prefer watching music performances to watching news.
4. My mother would Prefer speak Java instead to inggris.
5. I Prefer walk to run.
6. Mother like black Better Than blue
7. Grandpa like reading paper Better Than reading magazine.
8. Father always like golf Better Than boxing show.
9. My Brother like touring Better Than drive motor racing.
10. Father like Ferarri Better Than Harley davidson.
11. I Would Rather travelling than martial arts judo.
12. Mother Would Rather cooking than watch TV.
13. My Brother Would Rather play video game than go to the office.
14. Father Would Rather read newspaper than read magazine.
15. My sister Would Rather listen music than working.
Nama : Fuad Agustianto
Kelas : 1EA05
NPM : 12210892
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris 2
1. My father Prefer to play paragliding instead of football.
2. Grandma Prefer drinking tea to eating meatball.
3. Her mother Prefer watching music performances to watching news.
4. My mother would Prefer speak Java instead to inggris.
5. I Prefer walk to run.
6. Mother like black Better Than blue
7. Grandpa like reading paper Better Than reading magazine.
8. Father always like golf Better Than boxing show.
9. My Brother like touring Better Than drive motor racing.
10. Father like Ferarri Better Than Harley davidson.
11. I Would Rather travelling than martial arts judo.
12. Mother Would Rather cooking than watch TV.
13. My Brother Would Rather play video game than go to the office.
14. Father Would Rather read newspaper than read magazine.
15. My sister Would Rather listen music than working.
Nama : Fuad Agustianto
Kelas : 1EA05
NPM : 12210892
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris 2
Rabu, 13 April 2011
Pawon in Javanese Culture
In the life of the Javanese expression is known that there are three very important namely food, clothing, and shelter. That is, in human life requires Java three very important things are: clothing (clothing) to wrap the body in order to be protected from cold, heat, and for aesthetics, food (eating) is a food that must exist to be eaten as a condition for survival; and boards (home or Omah) as a shelter or place of residence. The three elements of culture (food, clothing, and shelter) is an important symbol in Javanese life. In Javanese culture there is the assumption that between the houses, land, and its inhabitants is an integral and inseparable. People feel at one with the house and land where he lived, at the same time feel at one with the village settlement. Such a feeling of unity that led to a sense of security and peace for the people who inhabit the house. With the existence of such feelings, then the house is an important part of human life. Because the kitchen is part of the house, by itself also has an integral relationship with the occupants of the house. For the Javanese, because the house is considered very important, then the spaces in the house arranged in such a way that there are parts that are open to outsiders or guests, and there are parts that are taboo or should be hidden from outsiders . In this regard, the following article will memokuskan yourself on one of the elements of Javanese culture, which is part of the board, or Omah (home) called Pawon or kitchen. Kitchen, or Pawon have the meanings and functions that are important in organizing the preparation of food needs, as well as storage, as well as other activities. The problem that arises is the extent to which human beings interpret Java and treat the kitchen, or Pawon to meet the needs of eating, drinking, and other needs. Along with the development of human life, the changing natural environment, and advances in technology, kitchen or Pawon have also developed the form, meaning and fungsi.umumnya. The kitchen, in Javanese called Pawon, containing two senses: first, building a house that is reserved for cooking and, secondly, can be interpreted furnace. The word comes from the word Pawon awu basis which means ash, get the prefix and suffix of pa, which means place. Thus, Pawon (pa + awu + an), which means the place awu or ash. The reality is indeed so, the kitchen or Pawon indeed where ash (the waste wood burning / charcoal ditungku), so it is considered as a dirty place. The kitchen in the traditional life of the Javanese, is the ash, in sanasini visible hanging Sawang (soot) are black by the smoke of fire. Similarly, cooking equipment because of the soot-black color. Probably caused by circumstances like that (looks all black and dirty), then in the arrangement of a traditional Javanese house, the kitchen is generally located at the rear.
In Javanese culture by Parsudi Suparlan, the concept of the classification system of the universe and its contents are the concept of dichotomy between good and bad, clean and dirty. Therefore in
classification system was then latrines (latrines or toilets) as well as its location is always in the back kitchen. Therefore considered a dirty kitchen, then in terms of making the building a kitchen is not so considered as if to make the main house. According Daldjoeni (1) in general, building a kitchen is an additional building, and buildings are usually made after the building houses the kitchen is finished.
Kitchen or Pawon as additional buildings, are not regarded as a principal or important buildings, and construction of the kitchen very simple. Therefore to make the kitchen is not required such complex requirements will make the main house which requires computation time (horoscope). In traditional Javanese life, eating is not getting much attention. In Book IV Wulangreh work Buwana Paku says' aja pijer manganese Nendra '(do not always eat and sleep), and' sudanen dhahar bolsters lan "(subtract bed and </b>breakfast) occupies the central place in the literature of Jawa3. andangan Javanese someone pointed out that strength is not dependent on the quantity of food that enters the body, but the embroidery and inner. People are not going to be weak because his body just a bit to eat, even on the contrary, people will get a 'power' as they often carry out 'ngurang cut down on eating and sleeping (tirakat or ascetic).
Influenced by the philosophy of life that's so, then the composition of architecture Javanese house, kitchen or cooking Pawon and no special attention. However, in the mindset of the Javanese, eat interpreted to receive the blessings of Goddess Sri is regarded as a source of livelihood. Respect for Dewi Sri by the Javanese are not embodied solely in eating and cooking, but seriously handling the processing of agricultural land since the beginning to the postharvest.
Women and the Kitchen
In the traditional life of Java, the kitchen is the realm and authority of women. That's why the wife in the life of Javanese culture called kanca wingking (friends who are and / or working in the back). Rear here means in the kitchen. This term is considered degrading treatment of women, as if the authority of women only in the kitchen alone, no ability to perform in front.
That the kitchen is identical with and into the realm of women and authority of women, as reflected for example if a husband is often the kitchen there is presumption in Javanese culture that is considered less trusting husband wife in the kitchen or managing the household economy. Male or husband of such terms as kethuk or deride. So the kitchen is the world of women, and as a special identification feature, the kitchen in the life of Javanese traditional emphasis on Kendhil and smoke. This is confirmed by the existence of folklore Jake Tarub. This story symbolizes how the role of women in the kitchen, and can be interpreted against any husband should believe that a wife in relation to the kitchen.
In accordance with the position of women in the kitchen and women's relationship with the kitchen, the kitchen was in the making there perhitunganperhitungan traditionally associated with women. According Koentjaraningrat, there is confidence in the Javanese that the kitchen is the weakest part of the house because the kitchen is the place of women, and women were considered the weakest creature called Liyu. The meaning of the word Liyu, in Javanese-Indonesian dictionary (10), can be interpreted tired or fatigued. From the meaning of this word can be defined that work in the kitchen will be accomplished / tired.
In making the kitchen or Pawon anyone still using Java perhitunganperhitungan. For example, because the kitchen is considered as a woman's place is to build a kitchen should be started when Neptune nyaine (born wife of the market day), for example Monday Pon, Tuesday Wage and so forth. In order to use the kitchen given a safety, there also are using the calculation of fall arrive lara (arrived = fall, lara = dead), so the kitchen or Pawon interpreted as
where things die, or place of discharge.
In the study of traditional housing, creation of Java, there is a kitchen that starts with the calculation of the fall in order Liyu which means granary. As it is known that the barn is where the food supply, while Pawon or kitchen is a place of processing or cooking. So the calculation is expected to fall in order Liyu, so Pawon or kitchen never stops or runs out of food. But generally adopted is to avoid the day geblag (death day), close relatives such as parents, spouses, or children.
Pawon and Kitchen Appliances
Traditional kitchen or Pawon is inseparable with the equipment used in the kitchen, that is a traditional furnace that has a variety of local designation of which Pawon, cool, dhingkel, luweng, or brazier. Furnaces called dhingkel made of hollow bricks which one or completely open. Other forms such as dhingkel is called luweng, but luweng longer and has a hole three to four and there is a designation for each piece of work called cangkem luweng eg where to enter firewood, perforation luweng or slowongan to put the cookware, dhingkel tumang or lips, and lawih as a crutch (ganjel) placed on the lips. Other furnace equipment which is generally used by most residents in rural areas is cool. Furnace cool tool called also have parts that function that is cangkem cool to put the fuel, and at the top of the perforation cool to put cooking utensils. Both dhingkel, luweng, and cool use of fuel wood, sepet, bamboo, or dry waste.
Other furnaces are also still used brazier, which fuel to use charcoal. Anglo also has sections that each has a different function that is Sarangan to place charcoal brazier, brazier cangkem (mouth brazier) is where we wag fan for a larger flame. Other equipment that is now already widely used is the stove. In the traditional kitchen cooking equipment which is generally used is the equipment made of clay and bamboo matting. Clay cooking utensils such as pots, Pengaron, Kendhil or jemblukan, cowek, kekep, Genthong. In addition to the equipment of clay are also many who use the tools of copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, such as cormorant, kenceng, pans, kettle, kettle, pot. Other equipment is made of woven bamboo steamer, salary, if, cething, Sandpipers basket, winnowing, and from coconut shell selon example Irus, enthong, siwur; equipment from wood for example munthu, grated, enthong, gledheg or grobog. A place to store kitchen utensils are generally placed on a wooden rack, or shelf bamboo, or something called paga,
bethekan or pranjen.
Viewed from the furnace equipment that is dhingkel, luweng, cool, and furniture Pawon mostly made of clay, woven bamboo, as well as a place to store the equipment, almost all of them by exploiting bahanbahan contained in the environment.
By the passage of time, as well as the development of technology, Pawon or kitchen may experience physical changes as well as its content as in town. Thus Pawon understanding, meaning and function will also experience a shift. If that happens then the function and meaning of philosophy Pawon will be separated from the Javanese way of life
http://kisah-cerita-sejarah.blogspot.com/2010/10/dalam-hidup-orang-jawa-dikenal-adanya.html
NAME : FUAD Agustianto
NPM : 12210892
CLASS : 1EA05
FOREIGN COLLEGE : ENGLISH 2
In the life of the Javanese expression is known that there are three very important namely food, clothing, and shelter. That is, in human life requires Java three very important things are: clothing (clothing) to wrap the body in order to be protected from cold, heat, and for aesthetics, food (eating) is a food that must exist to be eaten as a condition for survival; and boards (home or Omah) as a shelter or place of residence. The three elements of culture (food, clothing, and shelter) is an important symbol in Javanese life. In Javanese culture there is the assumption that between the houses, land, and its inhabitants is an integral and inseparable. People feel at one with the house and land where he lived, at the same time feel at one with the village settlement. Such a feeling of unity that led to a sense of security and peace for the people who inhabit the house. With the existence of such feelings, then the house is an important part of human life. Because the kitchen is part of the house, by itself also has an integral relationship with the occupants of the house. For the Javanese, because the house is considered very important, then the spaces in the house arranged in such a way that there are parts that are open to outsiders or guests, and there are parts that are taboo or should be hidden from outsiders . In this regard, the following article will memokuskan yourself on one of the elements of Javanese culture, which is part of the board, or Omah (home) called Pawon or kitchen. Kitchen, or Pawon have the meanings and functions that are important in organizing the preparation of food needs, as well as storage, as well as other activities. The problem that arises is the extent to which human beings interpret Java and treat the kitchen, or Pawon to meet the needs of eating, drinking, and other needs. Along with the development of human life, the changing natural environment, and advances in technology, kitchen or Pawon have also developed the form, meaning and fungsi.umumnya. The kitchen, in Javanese called Pawon, containing two senses: first, building a house that is reserved for cooking and, secondly, can be interpreted furnace. The word comes from the word Pawon awu basis which means ash, get the prefix and suffix of pa, which means place. Thus, Pawon (pa + awu + an), which means the place awu or ash. The reality is indeed so, the kitchen or Pawon indeed where ash (the waste wood burning / charcoal ditungku), so it is considered as a dirty place. The kitchen in the traditional life of the Javanese, is the ash, in sanasini visible hanging Sawang (soot) are black by the smoke of fire. Similarly, cooking equipment because of the soot-black color. Probably caused by circumstances like that (looks all black and dirty), then in the arrangement of a traditional Javanese house, the kitchen is generally located at the rear.
In Javanese culture by Parsudi Suparlan, the concept of the classification system of the universe and its contents are the concept of dichotomy between good and bad, clean and dirty. Therefore in
classification system was then latrines (latrines or toilets) as well as its location is always in the back kitchen. Therefore considered a dirty kitchen, then in terms of making the building a kitchen is not so considered as if to make the main house. According Daldjoeni (1) in general, building a kitchen is an additional building, and buildings are usually made after the building houses the kitchen is finished.
Kitchen or Pawon as additional buildings, are not regarded as a principal or important buildings, and construction of the kitchen very simple. Therefore to make the kitchen is not required such complex requirements will make the main house which requires computation time (horoscope). In traditional Javanese life, eating is not getting much attention. In Book IV Wulangreh work Buwana Paku says' aja pijer manganese Nendra '(do not always eat and sleep), and' sudanen dhahar bolsters lan "(subtract bed and </b>breakfast) occupies the central place in the literature of Jawa3. andangan Javanese someone pointed out that strength is not dependent on the quantity of food that enters the body, but the embroidery and inner. People are not going to be weak because his body just a bit to eat, even on the contrary, people will get a 'power' as they often carry out 'ngurang cut down on eating and sleeping (tirakat or ascetic).
Influenced by the philosophy of life that's so, then the composition of architecture Javanese house, kitchen or cooking Pawon and no special attention. However, in the mindset of the Javanese, eat interpreted to receive the blessings of Goddess Sri is regarded as a source of livelihood. Respect for Dewi Sri by the Javanese are not embodied solely in eating and cooking, but seriously handling the processing of agricultural land since the beginning to the postharvest.
Women and the Kitchen
In the traditional life of Java, the kitchen is the realm and authority of women. That's why the wife in the life of Javanese culture called kanca wingking (friends who are and / or working in the back). Rear here means in the kitchen. This term is considered degrading treatment of women, as if the authority of women only in the kitchen alone, no ability to perform in front.
That the kitchen is identical with and into the realm of women and authority of women, as reflected for example if a husband is often the kitchen there is presumption in Javanese culture that is considered less trusting husband wife in the kitchen or managing the household economy. Male or husband of such terms as kethuk or deride. So the kitchen is the world of women, and as a special identification feature, the kitchen in the life of Javanese traditional emphasis on Kendhil and smoke. This is confirmed by the existence of folklore Jake Tarub. This story symbolizes how the role of women in the kitchen, and can be interpreted against any husband should believe that a wife in relation to the kitchen.
In accordance with the position of women in the kitchen and women's relationship with the kitchen, the kitchen was in the making there perhitunganperhitungan traditionally associated with women. According Koentjaraningrat, there is confidence in the Javanese that the kitchen is the weakest part of the house because the kitchen is the place of women, and women were considered the weakest creature called Liyu. The meaning of the word Liyu, in Javanese-Indonesian dictionary (10), can be interpreted tired or fatigued. From the meaning of this word can be defined that work in the kitchen will be accomplished / tired.
In making the kitchen or Pawon anyone still using Java perhitunganperhitungan. For example, because the kitchen is considered as a woman's place is to build a kitchen should be started when Neptune nyaine (born wife of the market day), for example Monday Pon, Tuesday Wage and so forth. In order to use the kitchen given a safety, there also are using the calculation of fall arrive lara (arrived = fall, lara = dead), so the kitchen or Pawon interpreted as
where things die, or place of discharge.
In the study of traditional housing, creation of Java, there is a kitchen that starts with the calculation of the fall in order Liyu which means granary. As it is known that the barn is where the food supply, while Pawon or kitchen is a place of processing or cooking. So the calculation is expected to fall in order Liyu, so Pawon or kitchen never stops or runs out of food. But generally adopted is to avoid the day geblag (death day), close relatives such as parents, spouses, or children.
Pawon and Kitchen Appliances
Traditional kitchen or Pawon is inseparable with the equipment used in the kitchen, that is a traditional furnace that has a variety of local designation of which Pawon, cool, dhingkel, luweng, or brazier. Furnaces called dhingkel made of hollow bricks which one or completely open. Other forms such as dhingkel is called luweng, but luweng longer and has a hole three to four and there is a designation for each piece of work called cangkem luweng eg where to enter firewood, perforation luweng or slowongan to put the cookware, dhingkel tumang or lips, and lawih as a crutch (ganjel) placed on the lips. Other furnace equipment which is generally used by most residents in rural areas is cool. Furnace cool tool called also have parts that function that is cangkem cool to put the fuel, and at the top of the perforation cool to put cooking utensils. Both dhingkel, luweng, and cool use of fuel wood, sepet, bamboo, or dry waste.
Other furnaces are also still used brazier, which fuel to use charcoal. Anglo also has sections that each has a different function that is Sarangan to place charcoal brazier, brazier cangkem (mouth brazier) is where we wag fan for a larger flame. Other equipment that is now already widely used is the stove. In the traditional kitchen cooking equipment which is generally used is the equipment made of clay and bamboo matting. Clay cooking utensils such as pots, Pengaron, Kendhil or jemblukan, cowek, kekep, Genthong. In addition to the equipment of clay are also many who use the tools of copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, such as cormorant, kenceng, pans, kettle, kettle, pot. Other equipment is made of woven bamboo steamer, salary, if, cething, Sandpipers basket, winnowing, and from coconut shell selon example Irus, enthong, siwur; equipment from wood for example munthu, grated, enthong, gledheg or grobog. A place to store kitchen utensils are generally placed on a wooden rack, or shelf bamboo, or something called paga,
bethekan or pranjen.
Viewed from the furnace equipment that is dhingkel, luweng, cool, and furniture Pawon mostly made of clay, woven bamboo, as well as a place to store the equipment, almost all of them by exploiting bahanbahan contained in the environment.
By the passage of time, as well as the development of technology, Pawon or kitchen may experience physical changes as well as its content as in town. Thus Pawon understanding, meaning and function will also experience a shift. If that happens then the function and meaning of philosophy Pawon will be separated from the Javanese way of life
http://kisah-cerita-sejarah.blogspot.com/2010/10/dalam-hidup-orang-jawa-dikenal-adanya.html
NAME : FUAD Agustianto
NPM : 12210892
CLASS : 1EA05
FOREIGN COLLEGE : ENGLISH 2
LATIHAN 5
1. A: When/What time did you get up this morning ?
B: At 7:30
2. A: Where you get lunch today ?
B: At the cafetaria.
3. A: What/when time did you lunch ?
B: At 12:15
4. A: Why you eat in cafetaria ?
B: Because the food is good
5. A: Where your aunt and uncle live ?
B: In chicago
6. A: When you going to visit your aunt and uncle ?
B: Next week
7. A: what/when time you will get home ?
B: Around six
8. A: Where is george going to study ?
B: At the library
9. A: Why George studies at the library ?
B: Because it`s quite
10.A: Where i can catch a bus ?
B: At that corner
11.A: What/when time you have to leave ?
B: Ten o`clock
12.A: Where was you living ?
B: In Japan
LATIHAN 1.
1. A: Do you know my brother ?
B: No, I don`t
2. A: Does jane eats lunch at the cafetaria every day ?
B: Yes, She does
3. A: Does That pen belonge to you ?
B: Yes, Jane Does
4. A: Are The students speak english well in this class ?
B: Yes, They are
5. A: Did You sleep well last night ?
B: Yes, I did
6. A: Did Ann and Jim came to class yesterday ?
B: No, they didn`t
7. A: Are You studying your grammar book ?
B: Yes, I am
8. A: Are The children watching tv ?
B: No, The aren`t
9. A: Are Tim Wilson is in your astronomy class ?
B: Yes, He is
10.A: Was it foggy yesterday ?
B: No, It wasn`t
11.A: Will You be at home tonight ?
B: No, I won`t
12.A: Is Jason going to work tomorrow ?
B: No, Jason isn`t
NAMA KELOMPOK : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
ABDULLAH YASIR
KELAS : 1EA05
1. A: When/What time did you get up this morning ?
B: At 7:30
2. A: Where you get lunch today ?
B: At the cafetaria.
3. A: What/when time did you lunch ?
B: At 12:15
4. A: Why you eat in cafetaria ?
B: Because the food is good
5. A: Where your aunt and uncle live ?
B: In chicago
6. A: When you going to visit your aunt and uncle ?
B: Next week
7. A: what/when time you will get home ?
B: Around six
8. A: Where is george going to study ?
B: At the library
9. A: Why George studies at the library ?
B: Because it`s quite
10.A: Where i can catch a bus ?
B: At that corner
11.A: What/when time you have to leave ?
B: Ten o`clock
12.A: Where was you living ?
B: In Japan
LATIHAN 1.
1. A: Do you know my brother ?
B: No, I don`t
2. A: Does jane eats lunch at the cafetaria every day ?
B: Yes, She does
3. A: Does That pen belonge to you ?
B: Yes, Jane Does
4. A: Are The students speak english well in this class ?
B: Yes, They are
5. A: Did You sleep well last night ?
B: Yes, I did
6. A: Did Ann and Jim came to class yesterday ?
B: No, they didn`t
7. A: Are You studying your grammar book ?
B: Yes, I am
8. A: Are The children watching tv ?
B: No, The aren`t
9. A: Are Tim Wilson is in your astronomy class ?
B: Yes, He is
10.A: Was it foggy yesterday ?
B: No, It wasn`t
11.A: Will You be at home tonight ?
B: No, I won`t
12.A: Is Jason going to work tomorrow ?
B: No, Jason isn`t
NAMA KELOMPOK : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
ABDULLAH YASIR
KELAS : 1EA05
Jumat, 18 Maret 2011
ABOUT GUNADARMA
Universitas Gunadarma adalah salah satu universitas ternama di Indonesia. Di Universitas ini sudah terlengkapi dengan berbagai macam fasilitas di bidang akademik ataupun non-akademik. Sehingga kualitas pengajaran yang diberikan kepada Seluruh Mahasiswa sangat baik ditambah lagi fasilitas yang mendukung yang telah disediakan oleh pihak Universitas Gunadarma.
Selama saya kuliah di Universitas Gunadarma, saya merasakan beberapa masalah dalam bidang akademik dan fasilitas parkiran di Kampus ini. Salah satunya, pengaturan jam belajar , dan pengaturan jam praktikum. Terkadang dalam satu hari dan dalam satu minggu penuh dengan jadwal kuliah yang begitu padat. Terkesan tidak efisien dalam segi waktu.
Saat sekarang ini kebanyakan dosen memberikan tugas perindividu. Padahal dosen tersebut tentunya tahu, bila tugas tersebut hanya di kerjakan oleh satu orang Mahasiswa. Kemudian dalam penjelasan materi sangatlah kurang jelas atau kurang mendetail. Dosen seharusnya menjelaskan materi lebih diperjelas dan mendetail kepada Mahasiswanya, karena itu lebih baik untuk diterima Mahasiswa dan Mahasiswa lebih dapat mengerti materi yang di bawakan dosen yang bersangkutan.
Salah satu contoh parkiran di Kampus “D” Gunadarma Depok, sebenarnya lahan parkiran masih sangat luas namun atap untuk menutupi kendaraan di parkiran dari panas dan hujan masih tidak seluruhnya terpasang, dan berakibat masih banyak kendaraan yang tidak terlindungi oleh atap, sehingga masih banyak Helmet yang di taruh di motor terkena panas dan basah bila turun hujan, tentunya hal semacam ini tidak di inginkan oleh para Mahasiswa.
Dari sekian kampus gunadarma di daerah sekitar Depok, hanya kampus “E” gunadarma Depok yang parkirannya sudah memenuhi standar keinginan para Mahasiswa Gunadarma.
NAMA : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
NPM / KELAS :12210892 / 1EA05
Universitas Gunadarma adalah salah satu universitas ternama di Indonesia. Di Universitas ini sudah terlengkapi dengan berbagai macam fasilitas di bidang akademik ataupun non-akademik. Sehingga kualitas pengajaran yang diberikan kepada Seluruh Mahasiswa sangat baik ditambah lagi fasilitas yang mendukung yang telah disediakan oleh pihak Universitas Gunadarma.
Selama saya kuliah di Universitas Gunadarma, saya merasakan beberapa masalah dalam bidang akademik dan fasilitas parkiran di Kampus ini. Salah satunya, pengaturan jam belajar , dan pengaturan jam praktikum. Terkadang dalam satu hari dan dalam satu minggu penuh dengan jadwal kuliah yang begitu padat. Terkesan tidak efisien dalam segi waktu.
Saat sekarang ini kebanyakan dosen memberikan tugas perindividu. Padahal dosen tersebut tentunya tahu, bila tugas tersebut hanya di kerjakan oleh satu orang Mahasiswa. Kemudian dalam penjelasan materi sangatlah kurang jelas atau kurang mendetail. Dosen seharusnya menjelaskan materi lebih diperjelas dan mendetail kepada Mahasiswanya, karena itu lebih baik untuk diterima Mahasiswa dan Mahasiswa lebih dapat mengerti materi yang di bawakan dosen yang bersangkutan.
Salah satu contoh parkiran di Kampus “D” Gunadarma Depok, sebenarnya lahan parkiran masih sangat luas namun atap untuk menutupi kendaraan di parkiran dari panas dan hujan masih tidak seluruhnya terpasang, dan berakibat masih banyak kendaraan yang tidak terlindungi oleh atap, sehingga masih banyak Helmet yang di taruh di motor terkena panas dan basah bila turun hujan, tentunya hal semacam ini tidak di inginkan oleh para Mahasiswa.
Dari sekian kampus gunadarma di daerah sekitar Depok, hanya kampus “E” gunadarma Depok yang parkirannya sudah memenuhi standar keinginan para Mahasiswa Gunadarma.
NAMA : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
NPM / KELAS :12210892 / 1EA05
Senin, 14 Maret 2011
THE ROLE OF MANAGERS IN THE COMPANY
the role of managers in the company.
Each company has held a variety of management roles that determine the success of the company's own tu.
Managers must have the nature of responsibility is and do not give up on the situation ...
Some of the role of managers are:
1. Interpersonal Roles.
Namely the relationship between the managers with the people around him such as Leader: Becoming the leader yag motivate employees / subordinates and resolve problems that arise. or liaison: Liaison with internal and external parties.
2. Role Information.
Is a role in regulating the information possessed good that comes from within and outside the organization, for example as observers: Supervise, monitor, collect and record events that occur either obtained directly or indirectly. Can also be Spreader: Spread the information to the people within the organization. Or become Spokesperson: Representing the unit that leads to outside parties.
3. Role of Decision Makers.
It is a role in making good decisions that determined its own and produced with the other party, for example as Entrepreneurship: Creating ideas and creations of creative and innovative ways to enhance work unit performance. And sebaga solvers Problem: Finding a way out and the best solution of every problem that arises.
And many more roles in the company's managers.
Nama Kelompok : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
Abdullah Yasir
MK : BAHASA INGGRIS 2
the role of managers in the company.
Each company has held a variety of management roles that determine the success of the company's own tu.
Managers must have the nature of responsibility is and do not give up on the situation ...
Some of the role of managers are:
1. Interpersonal Roles.
Namely the relationship between the managers with the people around him such as Leader: Becoming the leader yag motivate employees / subordinates and resolve problems that arise. or liaison: Liaison with internal and external parties.
2. Role Information.
Is a role in regulating the information possessed good that comes from within and outside the organization, for example as observers: Supervise, monitor, collect and record events that occur either obtained directly or indirectly. Can also be Spreader: Spread the information to the people within the organization. Or become Spokesperson: Representing the unit that leads to outside parties.
3. Role of Decision Makers.
It is a role in making good decisions that determined its own and produced with the other party, for example as Entrepreneurship: Creating ideas and creations of creative and innovative ways to enhance work unit performance. And sebaga solvers Problem: Finding a way out and the best solution of every problem that arises.
And many more roles in the company's managers.
Nama Kelompok : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
Abdullah Yasir
MK : BAHASA INGGRIS 2
Selasa, 01 Maret 2011
ALASAN MENGGUNAKAN INTERNET.
Ø INFORMASI.
Saya browsing internet untuk mendapatkan informasi. Saya suka untuk menelusuri search engine seperti Google, Yahoo untuk mengetahui segala macam informasi atau berita yang saya perlukan.
Ø SOCIAL NETWORK.
Dengan media Social Networking saya dapat berkomunikasi dengan anggota teman dan keluarga. Ada banyak situs jaringan sosial seperti E-mail, Facebook, Twitter dan sebagainya.
Ø KOMUNIKASI.
Internet adalah cara lain untuk saya berkomunikasi. Saya terhubung satu sama lain, salah satu contoh dengan Yahoo messenger dan masih banyak layanan lainnya.
Ø TRANSFER FILE.
Untuk semua mahasiswa khususnya Saya yang juga sebagai mahasiswa di salah satu Universitas Swasta Di Indonesia. Mengirim File melaui Internet adalah bagian penting dari kehidupan Saya. Saya menggunakan berbagai layanan surat seperti Gmail, Yahoomail dll untuk mengirim file.
Layanan yang terdapat di Internet begitu banyak Saya temukan dan tentunya sangat membantu Saya dalam mengembangkan Diri Saya di dalam Pendidikan sebagai Mahasiswa.
Saya juga menggunakan E-mail. Buat saya, email merupakan salah satu bagian dari cara komunikasi tertulis sehari-hari, mirip SMS. Artinya, saya gunakan email manakala harus mengirimkan pesan tertulis yang terlalu besar untuk dikirim lewat SMS. Selain bisa mengirimkan pesan jauh lebih besar dari SMS.
Saya mempunyai hobby tertentu, dan di facebook saya bisa membangun komunitas yang sesuai dengan hobby saya tersebut.
Jujur saja, sampai sekarang Saya masih juga mencari-cari format yang nyaman untuk menggunakan Twitter dan mendapatkan manfaat terbesarnya.
Dengan Blogging Saya dapat menuliskan hal-hal yang banyak memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca blog dan pembaca blog saya akan mempercayai dan menghormati saya sebagai seorang blogger yang mempunyai kredibilitas yang baik.
Sebagai seorang Mahasiswa tentunya Saya begitu sibuk dengan rutinitas kegiatan sehari-hari saya yang selalu di hadapkan dengan materi pendidikan dan tugas-tugas yang di berikan dosen. Pastinya lama kelamaan hal tersebut membuat saya jenuh. Beruntung Internet juga menyediakan sebuah Hiburan salah satu contoh Game Online. Hiburan ini dapat sejenak melepas kejenuhan Saya. Boleh di bilang suatu hiburan yang dapat menghilangkan setress karena rutinitas sehari-hari yang padat sebagai seorang Mahasiswa. ”Game Online hanya sebagai hiburan sesaat untuk menghilangkan kejenuhan dan bukan untuk di jadikan kegiatan rutinitas sehari-hari”.
NAMA : FUAD AGUSTIANTO
NPM : 12210892
KELAS : 1EA05
Mata kuliah : Komputer & TI 2C
Mata kuliah : Komputer & TI 2C
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